-- A --

Alvarez, L.W., 1983: Experimental evidence that an asteroid impact led to the extinction of many species 65 million years ago. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 80, 627-42.

Alvarez, W., L.W. Alverez, F. Asaro, and H.V. Michel, 1979: Experimental evidence in support of an extraterrestrial trigger for the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinctions. Eos, 60: 734.

Alvarez, L.W., W. Alverez, F. Asaro, and H.V. Michel, 1980: Extraterrestrial cause for the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction. Science, 208 (June), 1095-1108.

The above three papers by Alvarez et al. are the fundamental papers on the iridium anomaly and the asteroid impact conjecture on the extinction of the dinosaurs. Well written. Excellent reading for the senior/beginning graduate student. Shows why geoscientists of all flavors should learn some chemistry.

Barlow, Connie (ed.), 1991: From Gaia to Selfish Genes: Selected Writings in the Life Sciences. The MIT Press, Boston, Massachusetts.

Baumgartner, A., and E. Reichel, 1975: The World Water Balance, Elsevier, Amsterdam and New York.

Boden, T.A., R.J. Sepanski, and F.W. Stoss (editors), 1992: Trends '91: A compendium of data on global change. U.S. Dept. of Energy Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center Publ. ORNL/CDIAC-49.

Bolin, B., 1981: Steady state and response characteristics of a simple model of the carbon cycle. In "SCOPE 16 Carbon Cycle Modeling" (B. Bolin, ed.), John Wiley and Sons, New York, New York. pp. 315-331.

Bossel, Hartmut, 1998: Earth at a Crossroads - Paths to a Sustainable Future. Cambridge University Press. 338 pp. Bossel is associated with Meadows et al.

This book expresses his solutions to the problems and challenges raised in Meadows et al. (1992) and Meadows et al. (1972).
 

Broecker, Wallace S., 1985: How to Build a Habitable Planet. Eldigio Press, LDGO Box#2, Palisades, New York 10964.

A wonderful small book with lots of useful information and a discussion of Broecker's ideas up to this time.
 

Bradley, R.S., 1985: Quaternary Paleoclimatology - Methods of Paleoclimatic Reconstruction. Chapman & Hall, London. 472 pp.

Bullard, 1978: The disc dynamo, Am. Inst. of Physics Conf. Proc., 46, pp. 373-389.

-- C --

Chillingsworth, and Furness, 1975: Reversals of the Earth's Magnetic Field, in Dynamical Systems: Warwick 1974. Springer Lecture Notes 468.

Comins, N.F., 1993: What If The Moon Didn't Exist? Voyages to Earths That Might Have Been. HarperCollins, New York, New York. 315 pp.

Excellent basis for "what if" type discussions. Helps stimulate thinking about why our world is the way that it is, and some simplistic but useful discussions on why the biota is the way we observe it to be. Good material for an introductory course.
 

A good and readily available text suitable for non-science majors; excellent reference for those students planing to be K-12 teachers of Earth Science.

Detwiler, R.P., and C.A.S. Hall, 1988: Tropical forests and the global carbon cycle. Science, 239, pp. 42-47.

-- E --

Earth System Sciences Committee, NASA Advisory Council, 1988: Earth System Science, A Closer View. Office of Interdisciplinary Earth Studies, University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado. 208 pp.

The basis for Earth System Science. A must for everyone's bookshelf. I wish I had ten more of the original packets.

Feynman, R., 1965: The Character Of Physical Law. The M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 173 pp.

Flohn, H., 1978: Comparison of Antarctic and Arctic climate and its relevance to climate evolution. In Antarctic glacial history and world paleoenvironments, E.M. Van Zinderen Bakker (ed.), A.A. Belkema, Rotterdam. Pp. 3 - 13.

-- G --

Graedel, T.E., and P.J. Crutzen, 1993: Atmospheric Change - An Earth System Perspective. W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, New York. 446 pp.

                   A good basic text. I find it a useful reference.

Gribben, John, 1999: The Little Book of Science. Penguin Books, Ltd, 27 Wrights Lane, London W8 5TZ, England. 109 pp.

-- H --

Hannon, Bruce, and Matthias Ruth, 1997: Modeling Dynamic Biological Systems. Springer. 399 pp. plus CD-ROM. ISBN 0-387-94850-3.

Hannon, Bruce, and Matthias Ruth, 1994: Dynamic Modeling. Springer. 248 pp plus computer disks. ISBN 0-387-94287-4 (Windows version) and ISBN 3-540-94287-4 (Mac version)

Hardin, Garrett, 1968: The Tragedy of the Commons, Science, 162, pp. 1243-1248. A fundamental article; a graphic lesson from history.

Harte, J., 1988: Consider a Spherical Cow - A Course in Environmental Problem Solving. University Science Books, Mill Valley, California. 283 pp.

Best book around on environmental problem solving. Outlines a course that every geoscientist should have as a sophomore or junior. There is now a complementing book that contains the STELLA programs to explore many of the problems in Harte.
 

A wide range of applications in the Earth Sciences, many of which have application to the non-linear systems encountered in Earth System Science. See also Turcotte.
 

Houghton, R.A., and G.M. Woodall, 1989: Global climate change. Scientific American, 260(4), pp. 36-44.

Hughen, K.A. et al., 1996: Rapid climate changes in the tropical Atlantic region during the last deglaciation. Nature, 380, pp. 51 - 57.

-- I --

IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), 1992: Climate Change 1992. The Supplementary Report to the IPCC Scientific Assessment. J.T. Houghton, B.A. Callendar, and S.K. Varney (editors), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.

Isakari, S.M., and Richard C.J. Somerville, 1989: Accurate numerical solutions for Daisyworld, Tellus 41B, 478-482.

-- J --

Joseph, Lawrence E., 1990: Gaia: The Growth of an Idea. Penguin, London.

-- K --

Kuhn, Thomas, 19xx: The Structure of Scientific Revolutions

-- L --

Laszlo, E., 1972: The Systems View of the World. George Braziller, Inc., New York, New York. 131 pp.

A readable, non-technical, but highly philosophical book. Those who went to Jesuit schools will find it very interesting. Not to be taken lightly.
 

Lorenz, E., 1963a: Deterministic nonperiodic flow. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 20, 130-41.

Lorenz, E., 1963b: The mechanics of vacillation. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 20, 448-64.

Lorenz, E., 1964: The problem of deducing climate from the governing equations. Tellus, 16, 1-11.

Lorenz, E., 1966: Large-Scale Motions of the Atmosphere: Circulation, in Earth Science, P.M. Hurley, ed. The M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. pp. 95-109.

Lorenz, E., 1979: On the Prevalence of Aperiodicity in Simple Systems, in Global Analysis, Mgrmela and J. Marsden, eds. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York. pp. 53-79.

Lorenz, E., 1984: Irregularity: A fundamental property of the atmosphere, Tellus, 36A, 98-110.

Lorenz, E., 1994: The Essence Of Chaos. University of Washington Press, Seattle, Washington, 240 pp.

The above are the key Lorenz papers -- the foundation of chaos theory and its applications to the Earth, especially to weather forecasting and to Earth's climate system. With the exception of the last, all require a pretty good math background to get full benefit. The last -- a "popular treatment" -- is excellent and readable by a college sophomore.
 

Lovelock, J., 1979: Gaia, A New Look At Life On Earth. Oxford University Press, New York, New York. 157 pp.

Lovelock, J.E., 1983: Daisy World: A cybernetic proof of the Gaia hypothesis. Coevolution Quart., 38, 66-72.

Lovelock, J., 1988: The Ages of Gaia: A Biography of our Living Earth. W.W. Norton & Co., New York, New York. 252 pp. See also Lovelock, James E.,1989: The Ages of Gaia. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Lovelock, James E., 1991: Healing Gaia - Practical Medicine for the Planet, Harmony Books, New York. 192 pp.

Lovelock, James E., 1991: GAIA - the practical science of planetary medicine, GAIA books, London.

The above are the essential Lovelock. Even if you do not believe in Gaia, Lovelock certainly stimulates thought and he (and Andrew Watson; see Watson and Lovelock) gave us Daisyworld, which is both a techno-parable and an extremely interesting non-linear system (easily rendered in STELLA). See also Schneider and Boston for a very careful and extensive analysis of Lovelock's Gaia hypothesis (and also for the impact of kudzu on Daisyworld). See also Margulis and West, Margulis and Sagan, Joseph, Barlow.

A note on Lovelock: In reading his books, it is important to distinguish between what are the "hard, cold scientific facts", what are Lovelock's interpretation of the these facts, and what are his conjectures. Lovelock's Gaia hypothesis is appealing from a human, aesthetic perspective. While it has not been shown to be false, the "strong Gaia" hypothesis is not widely accepted in the scientific community because it has proven very difficult to identify the feedback mechanisms that regulate the Earth System. Do not take Lovelock's statements at face value -- continually ask for the evidence indicating that Gaia -- in Lovelock's sense -- does exist.

Manabe, S., and R.J. Stouffer, 1995: Simulation of abrupt climate change induced by freshwater input to the north Atlantic ocean, Nature, 378, pp. 165 - 167.

Margulis, Lynn, and Oona West, 1993: Gaia and the Colonization of Mars, GSA Today, November, pp. 278-291.

Margulis, Lynn, and Dorion Sagan, 1988: A Garden of Microbial Delights - A practical guide to the subvisible world. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts. 231 pp.

Very interesting for those of use who are not microbiologists; complements much of Lovelock's work.
 

Meadows, Donella H., D.L. Meadows, and J. Randers, 1992: Beyond the Limits. Chelsea Green, Post Mills, VT,

Meadows, Donella H., D.L. Meadows, J. Randers, and W.W. Behrens III, 1972: The Limits to Growth. Potomac Associates, Washington, D.C. See also Bossel, 1998.

Meyer, V.J., and R.E. Armstrong, 1990: What every 17-year old should know about Planet Earth: The report of a conference of educators and geoscientists, Science Education, 72(2), 155-165.

Excellent reference paper; tries to identify the key educational points for an Earth System Science program. Aimed at the K-12 audience, but very valuable for undergraduate college programs. A good starting point for developing course syllabi.
 

-- N --

National Research Council, 1991: Opportunities In The Hydrologic Sciences. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. 348 pp.

National Research Council, 1993: Solid-Earth Sciences and Society. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 346 pp.

These two NRC publications contain essential review material about the hydrologic and solid earth sciences. Great diagrams and lots of references. Every serious Earth Systems scientist should have a copy of both. Good comments on education and interesting conjectures on the future of both fields.
 

-- O --

Oglesby and Saltzman, 1990:

-- P --

Pollack, H.N., 1993: Climate change inferred from borehole temperatures, Global and Planetary Change, 7, pp. 173-179.

Pollack, H.N., and D.S. Chapman, 1993: Underground Records of Changing Climate, Scientific American, 268 (6), pp. 44 to 50.

-- Q --

-- R --

Rahmstorf, S., 1997: Bifurcations of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation in response to changes in the hydrological cycle. Nature, 388, pp. 145 - 149.

Rotty, R.M., 1981: Data for global CO2 production from fossil fuels and cement. Pages 121-125 in B. Bolin (editor), Carbon cycle modeling, SCOPE 16. John Wiley and Sons, New York, New York.

-- S --

Sagan, C., and Mullen, 1972:

Saunders, P.T., 1994: Evolution without natural selection: Further implications of the Daisyworld parable, J. Theor.Biol., 166 (4), 365-373.

Schneider, Stephen H., and Penelope J. Boston, 1991: Scientists on Gaia. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 433 pp. See also Lovelock; Watson and Lovelock.

Schlesinger, 199xx: Shonle, J.I., 1975: Environmental Applications of General Physics. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Reading, Massachusetts. 383 pp.

An excellent forerunner to Harte. Has many interesting environmental problems that can be quickly done with pencil and paper; many are good for chalkboard lectures. Sadly, this is out of print (to the best of my knowledge).
 

Smil, Vaclav, 1997: Cycles of Life: Civilization and the biosphere. Scientific American Library, distributed by W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, New York. 221 pp. ISBN 0-7167-5079-1.

Soltzberg, Leonard J., 1996: The Dynamic Environment - Computer Models to Accompany Consider a Spherical Cow. University Science Books, Sausalito, California. 209 pp. ISBN 0-935702-37-7.

An essential companion toHarte; has most of the problems in Harte realized in simple STELLA models.
 

Sundquist, E.T., 1993: The global carbon dioxide budget. Science, 259, pp. 934-941.

-- T --

Taylor, K., 1999: Rapid climate change. American Scientist, 87(4), pp. 320 - 327.

Taylor, K.C., et al., 1997: The Holocene - Younger Dryas transition recorded at Summit, Greenland. Science, 278, pp. 825 - 827.

Thompson, J.M.T., 1982: Instabilities and Catastrophes in Science and Engineering. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 226 pp. ISBN 0 471 09973 2 (cloth), 0 471 10071 4 (paper).

Turcotte, D.L., 1992: Fractals and chaos in geology and geophysics. University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom. 221 pp See also Hastings and Sugihara.

-- U --

-- V --

Van Loon, H., J.J. Taljaard, T. Sasamori, J. London, D.V. Hoyt, K. Labitze, and C.W. Newton, 1972: Meteorology of the Southern Hemisphere. Meteor. Monograph 13 (35), American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA.

-- W --

Watson, A.J., and J.E. Lovelock, 1983, Biological homeostasis of the global environment: the parable of Daisyworld , Tellus 35B, 286-289. See also Lovelock.

Weinberg, G.M., 1975: An Introduction to General Systems Thinking. John Wiley & Sons, New York, New York. 279 pp.

Weinberg, G.M., and D. Weinberg, 1988: General Principles of Systems Design. Dorset House Publishing, New York, New York. 353 pp.

The above two texts by the Weinberg's provide the fundamentals of "systems thinking", also many good problems on systems analysis. A bit irreverent in spots. Many good problems. Best books to read to get used to thinking "holistically".
 

Weart, S.R., 1997: The discovery of the risk of global warming. Physics Today (January 1997), pp. 34-40.

Westbroek, Peter, 1992: Life as a Geological Force, W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., New York. 240 pp.

A concise, well-written text on geology and the bio-geochemical cycles. Interesting diagrams.

-- X --

-- Y --

Yearsley, J.R., and D.P. Lettenmaier, 1987: Model complexity and data worth: An assessment of changes in the global carbon budget. Ecological Modeling, 39, pp. 201-226.

-- Z --